Judith & HolofernesThe Fatal Image
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Recoverable evidence

Bibliography & Sources

The label should never be the end of inquiry. Every catalogue entry links to its best available public object record or to an explicitly labelled surrogate when no holding-institution record is public; selected interpretive claims carry additional source links on the object page where they are used.

Object and discovery records

Records, with their limits visible

  1. Leber Group workshop, Leaf from a Latin Bible: Initial A and Initial A: Judith Beheading Holofernes, c. 1230–1240Cleveland Museum of Art object record ↗
  2. Unknown illuminator, southern France, Judith Beheading Holofernes, Historiated Initial A, c. 1275–1300Cleveland Museum of Art ↗
  3. Unknown Italian illuminator, Virgin Overcomes the Devil; Judith Kills Holofernes, from a Speculum Humanae Salvationis, c. 1370–1390Fitzwilliam Museum catalogue record ↗
  4. Donatello, Judith and Holofernes, c. 1457–1464Palazzo Vecchio ↗
  5. Sandro Botticelli, The Return of Judith to Bethulia, c. 1470–1475Uffizi Galleries ↗
  6. Andrea Mantegna or follower (possibly Giulio Campagnola), Judith with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1495–1500National Gallery of Art ↗
  7. Girolamo Mocetto, after Andrea Mantegna, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1500–1505National Gallery of Art ↗
  8. Barthel Beham, Judith Seated on the Body of Holofernes, 1525National Gallery of Art object record ↗
  9. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1530The Metropolitan Museum of Art ↗
  10. Dirck Volckertsz Coornhert, after Maarten van Heemskerck, Judith Slaying Holofernes, from The Power of Women, plate 5, 1551Metropolitan Museum of Art object record ↗
  11. Paolo Veronese, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1580Kunsthistorisches Museum ↗
  12. Hendrik Goltzius, after Bartholomaeus Spranger, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1586–1587National Gallery of Art object record ↗
  13. Caravaggio, Judith Beheading Holofernes, c. 1599–1600 (dating debated; 1602 also proposed)Palazzo Barberini collection index ↗
  14. Cornelis Galle I, after Peter Paul Rubens, Judith Beheading Holofernes, c. 1610National Gallery of Art object record ↗
  15. Cristofano Allori, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, 1610–1612Uffizi Galleries, Palazzo Pitti ↗
  16. Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, c. 1612–1613Capodimonte object essay ↗
  17. Antiveduto Gramatica, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, 1610sNationalmuseum ↗
  18. Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, c. 1620Uffizi Galleries ↗
  19. Rembrandt van Rijn, Judith at the Banquet of Holofernes, 1634Museo Nacional del Prado ↗
  20. Abraham Bosse, Judith and Holofernes, 1645The Metropolitan Museum of Art ↗
  21. Unknown Polish maker, Hanukkah Lamp with Judith and the Head of Holofernes, early 19th centuryEuropeana record for the Yeshiva University Museum object ↗
  22. Francisco de Goya, Judith and Holofernes, 1820–1823Museo Nacional del Prado ↗
  23. John Rogers Herbert, Judith and Holofernes, 1863Walker Art Gallery ↗
  24. Gustav Klimt, Judith I, 1901Belvedere ↗
  25. Unknown weavers, South Netherlandish, Judith Taking Holofernes’ Head, c. 1455–1465The Metropolitan Museum of Art ↗
  26. Michelangelo Buonarroti, Judith and Holofernes, c. 1509Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museums ↗
  27. Jan Sanders van Hemessen, Judith, 1535–1545Art Institute of Chicago ↗
  28. Unknown German carver, Powder Flask with Judith and Holofernes, c. 1570Cleveland Museum of Art ↗
  29. Titian, Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1570Detroit Institute of Arts ↗
  30. Attributed to Lavinia Fontana, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, 1590–1595National Museum in Kraków ↗
  31. Fede Galizia, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, 1601Galleria Borghese ↗
  32. Orazio Gentileschi, possibly with Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1608–1612National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design ↗
  33. Johann Liss, Judith in the Tent of Holofernes, mid-to-late 1620sThe National Gallery ↗
  34. Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith and Her Maidservant with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1623–1625Detroit Institute of Arts ↗
  35. Trophime Bigot, Judith Decapitating Holofernes, c. 1640The Walters Art Museum ↗
  36. Massimo Stanzione, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, c. 1640The Metropolitan Museum of Art ↗
  37. Muhammad Zaman, Judith with the Severed Head of Holofernes, c. 1680Khalili Collection of Islamic Art ↗
  38. Ubaldo Gandolfi, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, 18th centuryThe Metropolitan Museum of Art ↗
  39. Unknown French sculptor, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, mid-1800sCleveland Museum of Art ↗
  40. Benjamin-Constant, Judith, possibly c. 1886The Metropolitan Museum of Art ↗
  41. Sandro Botticelli, The Discovery of the Body of Holofernes, c. 1470–1475Uffizi Galleries ↗
  42. Giorgione, Judith, c. 1504State Hermitage Museum ↗
  43. Virginia da Vezzi, Judith, c. 1624–1626Musée d’arts de Nantes collection record ↗
  44. Michaelina Wautier, Judith with the Head of Holofernes and Her Maid, c. 1650Sint-Waldetrudis Church ↗
  45. Circle of Elisabetta and Giovanni Andrea Sirani, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, mid-17th century (Walters displays 1638–1665)The Walters Art Museum ↗
  46. Pedro Américo, Judith and Holofernes, 1880Museu Nacional de Belas Artes ↗
  47. Gustav Klimt, Judith II (Salome), 1909Ca’ Pesaro, International Gallery of Modern Art ↗
  48. Rembrandt Peale, after Cristofano Allori, Judith with the Head of Holofernes, 1830Princeton University Art Museum ↗
  49. Unidentified Novohispanic artist, Judith Holding Up the Severed Head of Holofernes, 18th centurySpecialist database record for a private collection ↗
  50. Angelo Agostini, Judith e Holofernes, 1884Publication image / Wikimedia Commons file record ↗
  51. Oscar Pereira da Silva, after Pedro Américo, Judite e Holofernes, date unknownPrivate-collection image / Wikimedia Commons file record ↗
  52. Robert Barnes, Judith and Holofernes, 1958Whitney Museum of American Art ↗
  53. Chaim Gross, Judith (Study for Sculpture), c. 1960Smithsonian American Art Museum ↗
  54. Roger Medearis, Judith, 1968Smithsonian American Art Museum ↗
  55. Peter Minchell, The Enemy Fled Seeing Judith with the Head of Holofernes, 1973Smithsonian American Art Museum ↗
  56. Komar and Melamid, Judith on Red Square, 1993The Jewish Museum ↗
  57. Cindy Sherman, Untitled #228, 1990The Museum of Modern Art ↗
  58. Tina Blondell, I'll Make You Shorter by a Head (Judith I), 1999Minneapolis Institute of Art ↗
  59. Kehinde Wiley, Judith and Holofernes, 2012North Carolina Museum of Art ↗
  60. Nigel Brown, Judith and Holofernes, 1982Dealer survey listing two separately titled entries ↗
  61. Nigel Brown, Judith and Holofernes (with Street View), 1982Dealer survey listing two separately titled entries ↗
  62. Lisa Sharp, Judith and Holofernes, 2016Third-party biographical note and artist statement ↗
  63. Tomislav Nikolic, Just before the most significant events, people are particularly prone to deny the possibilities of the future. (cause all we're doing is learning how to die), 2014–2017Art Gallery of New South Wales ↗
  64. Kannika Jansuwan, Pouring the Judith Slaying Holofernes, 2021Commercial artist listing ↗

Selected scholarship

Exhibition bibliography

  1. 01Brine, Kevin R., Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds. The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies Across the Disciplines. Open Book Publishers, 2010. ↗
  2. 02Barker, Sheila, ed. Artemisia Gentileschi in a Changing Light. Harvey Miller, 2018.
  3. 03Bissell, R. Ward. Artemisia Gentileschi and the Authority of Art. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
  4. 04Christiansen, Keith, and Judith W. Mann, eds. Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001. ↗
  5. 05Garrard, Mary D. Artemisia Gentileschi: The Image of the Female Hero in Italian Baroque Art. Princeton University Press, 1989.
  6. 06Hibbard, Howard. Caravaggio. New York: Harper & Row, Icon Editions, 1983.
  7. 07Levenson, Jay A., Konrad Oberhuber, and Jacquelyn L. Sheehan. Early Italian Engravings from the National Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Art, 1973.
  8. 08Mann, Judith W., ed. Artemisia Gentileschi: Taking Stock. Brepols, 2005.
  9. 09Pollock, Griselda. Differencing the Canon. Routledge, 1999.
  10. 10Stocker, Margarita. Judith: Sexual Warrior, Women and Power in Western Culture. Yale University Press, 1998.
  11. 11Gera, Deborah Levine. “The Jewish Textual Traditions.” In The Sword of Judith, 23–39. ↗
  12. 12Crum, Roger J. “Judith between the Private and Public Realms in Renaissance Florence.” In The Sword of Judith, 291–306. ↗
  13. 13McHam, Sarah Blake. “Donatello's Judith as the Emblem of God's Chosen People.” In The Sword of Judith, 307–324. ↗
  14. 14Ciletti, Elena. “Judith Imagery as Catholic Orthodoxy in Counter-Reformation Italy.” In The Sword of Judith, 345–368. ↗
  15. 15Bal, Mieke. “Head Hunting: ‘Judith’ on the Cutting Edge of Knowledge.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 19, no. 63 (1994): 3–34. ↗
  16. 16Cropper, Elizabeth. “Life on the Edge: Artemisia Gentileschi, Famous Woman Painter.” In Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi, 263–281. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001. ↗
  17. 17Jenkins, Catherine, Nadine M. Orenstein, and Freyda Spira. The Renaissance of Etching. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2019. ↗
  18. 18Koepplin, Dieter, and Tilman Falk. Lukas Cranach: Gemälde, Zeichnungen, Druckgraphik. 2 vols. Basel and Stuttgart, 1974–1976. ↗
  19. 19Natter, Tobias G., ed. Gustav Klimt: The Complete Paintings. Taschen, 2012. ↗
  20. 20Tsai, Eugenie, ed. Kehinde Wiley: A New Republic. Brooklyn Museum, DelMonico Books, and Prestel, 2015. ↗

Citation policy

What a citation means here

Object data follows a holding institution when one publishes a record. A specialist database, artist statement, dealer survey, or commercial listing is labelled as such rather than promoted into a museum record. Dates, places, dimensions, and attributions expose known conflicts instead of silently choosing the tidiest answer.

Curatorial synthesis is the exhibition's own unless a linked source is named. The bibliography supplies the broader conversation; object-page source lists let a reader trace claims about disputed titles, biography, civic reception, and textual history to the evidence actually used.